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Senin, 18 Mei 2009
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Kamis, 14 Mei 2009
Re: SUARA YANG DIDENGAR MAYAT
Selasa, 12 Mei 2009
Re: Floating Rates Versus Fixed Rates
Education CenterFloating Rates Versus Fixed RatesReem Heakal Did you know that the foreign exchange market (also known as FX or forex) is the largest market in the world? In fact, over $1 trillion is traded in the currency markets on a daily basis. This article is certainly not a primer for currency trading, but it will help you understand exchange rates and why some fluctuate while others do not.
What Is an Exchange Rate? Fixed If, for example, it is determined that the value of a single unit of local currency is equal to USD 3.00, the central bank will have to ensure that it can supply the market with those dollars. In order to maintain the rate, the central bank must keep a high level of foreign reserves. This is a reserved amount of foreign currency held by the central bank which it can use to release (or absorb) extra funds into (or out of) the market. This ensures an appropriate money supply, appropriate fluctuations in the market (inflation/deflation), and ultimately, the exchange rate. The central bank can also adjust the official exchange rate when necessary. Floating In reality, no currency is wholly fixed or floating. In a fixed regime, market pressures can also influence changes in the exchange rate. Sometimes, when a local currency does reflect its true value against its pegged currency, a "black market" which is more reflective of actual supply and demand may develop. A central bank will often then be forced to revalue or devalue the official rate so that the rate is in line with the unofficial one, thereby halting the activity of the black market. In a floating regime, the central bank may also intervene when it is necessary to ensure stability and to avoid inflation; however, it is less often that the central bank of a floating regime will interfere. The World Once Pegged At the end of World War II, the conference at Bretton Woods, in an effort to generate global economic stability and increased volumes of global trade, established the basic rules and regulations governing international exchange. As such, an international monetary system, embodied in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was established to promote foreign trade and to maintain the monetary stability of countries and therefore that of the global economy It was agreed that currencies would once again be fixed, or pegged, but this time to the U.S. dollar, which in turn was pegged to gold at USD 35/ounce. What this meant was that the value of a currency was directly linked with the value of the U.S. dollar. So if you needed to buy Japanese yen, the value of the yen would be expressed in U.S. dollars, whose value in turn was determined in the value of gold. If a country needed to readjust the value of its currency, it could approach the IMF to adjust the pegged value of its currency. The peg was maintained until 1971, when the U.S. dollar could no longer hold the value of the pegged rate of USD 35/ounce of gold. From then on, major governments adopted a floating system, and all attempts to move back to a global peg were eventually abandoned in 1985. Since then, no major economies have gone back to a peg, and the use of gold as a peg has been completely abandoned. Why Peg? Fixed regimes, however, can often lead to severe financial crises since a peg is difficult to maintain in the long run. This was seen in the Mexican (1995), Asian and Russian (1997) financial crises: an attempt to maintain a high value of the local currency to the peg resulted in the currencies eventually becoming overvalued. This meant that the governments could no longer meet the demands to convert the local currency into the foreign currency at the pegged rate. With speculation and panic, investors scrambled to get out their money and convert it into foreign currency before the local currency was devalued against the peg; foreign reserve supplies eventually became depleted. In Mexico's case, the government was forced to devalue the peso by 30%. In Thailand, the government eventually had to allow the currency to float, and by the end of 1997, the bhat had lost its value by 50% as the market's demand and supply readjusted the value of the local currency. Countries with pegs are often associated with having unsophisticated capital markets and weak regulating institutions. The peg is therefore there to help create stability in such an environment. It takes a stronger system as well as a mature market to maintain a float. When a country is forced to devalue its currency, it is also required to proceed with some form of economic reform, like implementing greater transparency, in an effort to strengthen its financial institutions. Some governments may choose to have a "floating," or "crawling" peg, whereby the government reassesses the value of the peg periodically and then changes the peg rate accordingly. Usually the change is devaluation, but one that is controlled so that market panic is avoided. This method is often used in the transition from a peg to a floating regime, and it allows the government to "save face" by not being forced to devalue in an uncontrollable crisis. Although the peg has worked in creating global trade and monetary stability, it was used only at a time when all the major economies were a part of it. And while a floating regime is not without its flaws, it has proven to be a more efficient means of determining the long term value of a currency and creating equilibrium in the international market.
1-- Mau Relax Ketawa Ketiwi he he he klik disisi 2--Mau baca blog yang serius ? klik disini 3--http://www.BikinDuit.com/?ref=extrajoss 4--Mau Toolbar Ketawa Ketiwi ? Keren Boo ! klik disini 5--Sekolah Gratis & Rumah Sakit Gatis ? |
Jumat, 08 Mei 2009
Safer Networking
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Kamis, 07 Mei 2009
Re: Isu Kiamat 2012 ternyata Badai Matahari (katanya !!!)
Isu Kiamat 2012 ternyata Badai Matahari Ditulis pada 5 Desember 2008 oleh pakarfisika http://pakarfisika. wordpress. com/2008/ 12/05/isu- kiamat-2012- ternyata- badai-matahari/
Lalu apa sebenarnya Kiamat tahun 2012..? Menurut Pak Bambang S Tedjasukmana dari Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (LAPAN), bahwa fenomena yang akan muncul pada sekitar tahun 2011-2012 adalah badai Matahari. Prediksi ini berdasar pada pemantauan pusat pemantau cuaca antariksa di berbagai negara maju yang sudah dilakukan sejak tahun 1960-an dan Indonesia oleh LAPAN telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1975.
Badai Matahari tahun 2011-2012 Flare di permukaan matahari sangat dahsyat, kalau pas maksimal bisa menjulang sauangaaaat tinggi:
Flare di Matahari http://www.space. com/spacewatch/ sun_cam_animated .html Persiapan menuju Kiamat 2012 itu…: Dikatakan para ahli bahwa dari Matahari, milyaran partikel alektron sampai ke lapisan ionosfer Bumi dalam waktu empat hari, Dampak dari serbuan dari partikel elektron ini di kutub berlangsung beberapa hari. Selama itu, bisa dilakukan langkah-langkah antisipasi untuk mengurangi dampak yang ditimbulkan. Mengantisipasi munculnya badai antariksa itu, LAPAN tengah membangun Pusat Sistem Pemantau Cuaca Antariksa Terpadu di pusat Pemanfaatan Sains Antariksa LAPAN Bandung. Objek yang dipantau antara lain lapisan Ionosfer dan geomagnetik, serta gelombang radi o. Sistem ini akan beroperasi penuh pada Januari 2009 mendatang. Langkah antisipasi LAPAN yang telah dilakukan adalah menghubungi pihak-pihak yang mungkin akan terkena dampak dari muncul badai antariksa ini, yakni Dephankam, TNI,Dephub, PLN, dan Depkominfo, serta Pemda.
"What comes from heart always touch the heart" 1-- Mau Relax Ketawa Ketiwi he he he klik disisi 2--Mau baca blog yang serius ? klik disini 3--http://www.BikinDuit.com/?ref=extrajoss 4--Mau Toolbar Ketawa Ketiwi ? Keren Boo ! klik disini 5--Sekolah Gratis & Rumah Sakit Gatis ? --aa-- |
Rabu, 06 Mei 2009
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